Asia’s emerging economies have accumulated their highest level of foreign exchange reserves since 2014, offering a powerful buffer against market volatility if the United States Federal Reserve changes course.
Central bank holdings of foreign currencies in the region’s fast-growing emerging economies hit US$5.82 trillion (S$7.7 trillion) as at last month, their highest since August 2014. When China’s cash pile is stripped out, emerging Asian central banks’ reserves stood at an all-time high of US$2.6 trillion.
While some of the gains reflect US dollar weakness and bumper exports, policymakers are deliberately preparing their defences, said Mr Nicholas Mapa, an economist at ING Group in Manila.
“Emerging economies are definitely learning from the past by war-chesting,” Mr Mapa said. “They’re all the more aware of the eventual reversal in monetary policy stance of developed market central banks and the potential repercussions that may arise from a Fed taper or eventual rate hike.”
While the Fed is expected to maintain a dovish outlook when it meets this week, economists say the accelerating US recovery means the bank will need to signal a policy turn sooner than anticipated. Central banks in South Korea and New Zealand have already said their improving economies may eventually justify higher interest rates.
A signal from then chairman Ben Bernanke in 2013 that the Fed would begin winding down asset purchases sent shock waves through Asia, an episode that came to be known as the “Taper Tantrum”. Foreign investors fled and bond yields shot up, forcing central banks to burn through their defences to protect their currencies. Rising yields have historically triggered currency volatility and driven up borrowing costs in the region.
Any hint of a Fed shift on tapering will quickly test defences, including current account surpluses and foreign exchange holdings, said Ms Tuuli McCully, head of Asia-Pacific economics at Scotiabank.
“There are significant differences between regional countries, and some will be more vulnerable than others to any financial market volatility and capital outflows,” she said, citing Malaysia and Indonesia as countries with lower reserve coverage ratios than their peers.
Still, this time around, Asian central banks can meet any shift from Fed chairman Jerome Powell with a wall of currency firepower.
China’s foreign currency holdings rose to their highest level in five years last month, at US$3.22 trillion, on the back of a weaker dollar and increased portfolio inflows.
India’s authorities, still scarred by the Taper Tantrum, have built up record foreign exchange reserves worth more than US$600 billion. Earlier this year, the country’s reserves briefly surpassed Russia’s to become the world’s fourth-largest, as the central bank hoarded dollars to cushion the economy against any sudden outflows.
In the Philippines, central bank reserves are forecast to reach a record US$114 billion this year, while Taiwan’s holdings rose to US$542.98 billion last month, just short of February’s record.
South Korea’s rose to a record US$456.46 billion last month.
Indonesia’s reserves fell from a record high to US$136.4 billion last month, their lowest level in five months, as the government paid off external debt.
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